diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/editor.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/editor.ts
index 57f851da17..ee236d14ff 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/editor.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/editor.ts
@@ -878,6 +878,9 @@ class Editor {
     // Advance any in-flight entrance animations.
     this.entranceAnimator.tick(delta_time);
 
+    // Advance keyframe-animation mixers (experimental scene descriptor).
+    this.activeScene.tickAnimations(delta_time);
+
     this.activeScene.shader_objects.forEach((shader) => {
       // Guard: custom (LLM-authored) shader materials may not carry a
       // `time` uniform — only tick the ones that do.
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/scene.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/scene.ts
index dd8335fb44..450f14c1be 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/scene.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/engine/scene.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,22 @@ void main() {
 }
 `;
 
+// Instancing-aware default vertex shader: same varyings, but places each
+// vertex through the per-instance `instanceMatrix` so a custom material on
+// an InstancedMesh keeps every instance in its scattered position.
+const DEFAULT_VERTEX_SHADER_INSTANCED = `
+attribute mat4 instanceMatrix;
+varying vec2 vUv;
+varying vec3 vNormal;
+varying vec3 vPosition;
+void main() {
+  vUv = uv;
+  vNormal = normalize(normalMatrix * normal);
+  vPosition = position;
+  gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelViewMatrix * instanceMatrix * vec4(position, 1.0);
+}
+`;
+
 // Prepended to every custom fragment shader so the injected uniforms and
 // the default vertex varyings are always in scope.
 const SHADER_PREAMBLE = `
@@ -48,6 +64,40 @@ varying vec3 vNormal;
 varying vec3 vPosition;
 `;
 
+// Built-in GPU wind for instanced fields (grass/foliage). Height-weighted
+// sway so each instance pivots at its base, with a per-instance phase so
+// the field doesn't move in unison — all on the GPU, one draw call.
+const WIND_VERTEX_SHADER = `
+attribute mat4 instanceMatrix;
+attribute float instancePhase;
+uniform float time;
+uniform float windStrength;
+uniform float windSpeed;
+uniform float windTurbulence;
+varying float vPhase;
+void main() {
+  vec3 pos = position;
+  float h = max(pos.y, 0.0);
+  float w = sin(time * windSpeed + instancePhase)
+          + windTurbulence * sin(time * windSpeed * 2.3 + instancePhase * 1.7);
+  float sway = w * windStrength * h;
+  pos.x += sway;
+  pos.z += sway * 0.35;
+  vPhase = instancePhase;
+  gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelViewMatrix * instanceMatrix * vec4(pos, 1.0);
+}
+`;
+
+const WIND_FRAGMENT_SHADER = `
+uniform vec3 baseColor;
+varying float vPhase;
+void main() {
+  // Subtle per-instance shade variation (free organic colour).
+  float v = 0.85 + 0.15 * sin(vPhase * 3.1);
+  gl_FragColor = vec4(baseColor * v, 1.0);
+}
+`;
+
 // Capabilities Scene needs from outside its own state. Editor wires
 // these in inline at construction (Phase 2 idiom — same shape as
 // SceneUtilsDeps, SaveManagerDeps, etc.). Scene does NOT import the
@@ -90,6 +140,10 @@ class Scene {
   shader_objects: Water[] = [];
   video_planes: HTMLVideoElement[] = [];
 
+  // Per-object animation mixers (experimental scene descriptor), keyed by
+  // object uuid. Ticked each frame from the editor render loop.
+  animationMixers: Map<string, THREE.AnimationMixer> = new Map();
+
   skybox: string;
 
   // loading indicator manager
@@ -372,11 +426,33 @@ class Scene {
   ): Promise<THREE.InstancedMesh> {
     const instances: InstanceLike[] = spec?.instances ?? [];
     const geometry = this.buildBaseGeometry(spec?.base);
-    const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({
-      color: new THREE.Color(color),
-      side: THREE.DoubleSide,
-    });
-    material.shininess = 0.0;
+    const wind = spec?.wind;
+
+    // Wind = a GPU vertex shader driven by the shared `time` uniform +
+    // per-instance phase (one draw call, no per-frame CPU). Otherwise a
+    // flat gray-box Phong material.
+    let material: THREE.Material;
+    if (wind) {
+      material = new THREE.ShaderMaterial({
+        uniforms: {
+          time: { value: 0 },
+          windStrength: { value: wind.strength ?? 0.15 },
+          windSpeed: { value: wind.speed ?? 1.5 },
+          windTurbulence: { value: wind.turbulence ?? 0 },
+          baseColor: { value: new THREE.Color(color) },
+        },
+        vertexShader: WIND_VERTEX_SHADER,
+        fragmentShader: WIND_FRAGMENT_SHADER,
+        side: THREE.DoubleSide,
+      });
+    } else {
+      const phong = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({
+        color: new THREE.Color(color),
+        side: THREE.DoubleSide,
+      });
+      phong.shininess = 0.0;
+      material = phong;
+    }
 
     const count = Math.max(1, instances.length);
     const mesh = new THREE.InstancedMesh(geometry, material, count);
@@ -386,7 +462,8 @@ class Scene {
     const q = new THREE.Quaternion();
     const e = new THREE.Euler();
     const s = new THREE.Vector3(1, 1, 1);
-    const hasColors = instances.some((i) => !!i.color);
+    // Per-instance color only applies to the flat (non-wind) material.
+    const hasColors = !wind && instances.some((i) => !!i.color);
     if (hasColors) {
       mesh.instanceColor = new THREE.InstancedBufferAttribute(
         new Float32Array(count * 3),
@@ -408,6 +485,20 @@ class Scene {
     });
     mesh.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true;
     if (mesh.instanceColor) mesh.instanceColor.needsUpdate = true;
+
+    // Wind: per-instance phase attribute + register for the per-frame
+    // `time` tick so the GPU sway animates.
+    if (wind) {
+      const phases = new Float32Array(count);
+      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) phases[i] = (i * 2.399963) % 6.28318;
+      geometry.setAttribute(
+        "instancePhase",
+        new THREE.InstancedBufferAttribute(phases, 1),
+      );
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+      this.shader_objects.push(mesh as any);
+    }
+
     mesh.castShadow = true;
     mesh.receiveShadow = true;
     mesh.name = "Instances";
@@ -436,14 +527,18 @@ class Scene {
   applyShaderMaterial(object_uuid: string, spec: any): void {
     const object = this.get_object_by_uuid(object_uuid);
     if (!object || !spec?.fragmentShader) return;
-    const material = this.buildShaderMaterial(spec);
     let registered = false;
     object.traverse((c: THREE.Object3D) => {
       if (!(c instanceof THREE.Mesh)) return;
-      c.material = material;
+      // InstancedMesh needs an instancing-aware vertex shader so each
+      // instance keeps its scattered position.
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+      const instanced = (c as any).isInstancedMesh === true;
+      c.material = this.buildShaderMaterial(spec, instanced);
       // Register a single representative mesh for the time tick.
       if (spec.animated && !registered) {
-        this.shader_objects.push(c);
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        this.shader_objects.push(c as any);
         registered = true;
       }
     });
@@ -451,14 +546,28 @@ class Scene {
   }
 
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-  private buildShaderMaterial(spec: any): THREE.ShaderMaterial {
+  private buildShaderMaterial(spec: any, instanced = false): THREE.ShaderMaterial {
     const uniforms: Record<string, THREE.IUniform> = {
       time: { value: 0 },
       resolution: { value: new THREE.Vector2(1, 1) },
     };
+    // Build the value objects AND the GLSL declarations for custom
+    // uniforms. ShaderMaterial does NOT auto-declare uniforms in the shader
+    // source, so without these any custom uniform the author references
+    // (e.g. `tint`) is an undeclared identifier and the shader fails to
+    // compile. We infer the GLSL type from the value's arity.
     const raw = spec.uniforms ?? {};
+    const customDecls: string[] = [];
     for (const key of Object.keys(raw)) {
       const v = raw[key];
+      const glslType = Array.isArray(v)
+        ? v.length === 2
+          ? "vec2"
+          : v.length === 3
+            ? "vec3"
+            : "vec4"
+        : "float";
+      customDecls.push(`uniform ${glslType} ${key};`);
       uniforms[key] = {
         value: Array.isArray(v)
           ? v.length === 2
@@ -469,10 +578,16 @@ class Scene {
           : v,
       };
     }
+    const customUniformGlsl = customDecls.length
+      ? customDecls.join("\n") + "\n"
+      : "";
+
     return new THREE.ShaderMaterial({
       uniforms,
-      vertexShader: spec.vertexShader || DEFAULT_VERTEX_SHADER,
-      fragmentShader: SHADER_PREAMBLE + spec.fragmentShader,
+      vertexShader:
+        spec.vertexShader ||
+        (instanced ? DEFAULT_VERTEX_SHADER_INSTANCED : DEFAULT_VERTEX_SHADER),
+      fragmentShader: SHADER_PREAMBLE + customUniformGlsl + spec.fragmentShader,
       transparent: !!spec.transparent,
       side: spec.doubleSide ? THREE.DoubleSide : THREE.FrontSide,
     });
@@ -506,6 +621,181 @@ class Scene {
     }
   }
 
+  // Attach (or replace) a keyframe animation on an object. Builds a
+  // THREE.AnimationClip from the spec's tracks (or plays a baked GLTF clip
+  // by name), drives it with an AnimationMixer, and registers the mixer for
+  // the per-frame tick. The spec is stashed on userData for round-trip.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  attachAnimation(object_uuid: string, spec: any): void {
+    const object = this.get_object_by_uuid(object_uuid);
+    if (!object || !spec) return;
+
+    // Replace any existing mixer on this object.
+    const existing = this.animationMixers.get(object_uuid);
+    if (existing) {
+      existing.stopAllAction();
+      this.animationMixers.delete(object_uuid);
+    }
+
+    const mixer = new THREE.AnimationMixer(object);
+    let clip: THREE.AnimationClip | null = null;
+
+    // Baked GLTF clip by name (e.g. a mixamo "Walk") if present.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    const baked = (object as any).animations as THREE.AnimationClip[] | undefined;
+    if (spec.clip && baked && baked.length > 0) {
+      clip = THREE.AnimationClip.findByName(baked, spec.clip) ?? null;
+    }
+    if (!clip) clip = this.buildAnimationClip(spec);
+    if (!clip) return;
+
+    const action = mixer.clipAction(clip);
+    action.loop =
+      spec.loop === "once"
+        ? THREE.LoopOnce
+        : spec.loop === "pingpong"
+          ? THREE.LoopPingPong
+          : THREE.LoopRepeat;
+    if (spec.loop === "once") action.clampWhenFinished = true;
+    mixer.timeScale = spec.timeScale ?? 1;
+    if (spec.autoplay !== false) action.play();
+
+    this.animationMixers.set(object_uuid, mixer);
+    object.userData["animationSpec"] = spec;
+  }
+
+  // Advance all mixers. Called from the editor render loop each frame.
+  tickAnimations(delta: number): void {
+    this.animationMixers.forEach((mixer) => mixer.update(delta));
+  }
+
+  // Stop and drop all mixers (scene reset / reload).
+  clearAnimations(): void {
+    this.animationMixers.forEach((mixer) => mixer.stopAllAction());
+    this.animationMixers.clear();
+  }
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  private buildAnimationClip(spec: any): THREE.AnimationClip | null {
+    const tracks: THREE.KeyframeTrack[] = [];
+    const q = new THREE.Quaternion();
+    const e = new THREE.Euler();
+    let maxTime = 0;
+
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    for (const t of (spec.tracks ?? []) as any[]) {
+      const times: number[] = t.times ?? [];
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+      const values: any[] = t.values ?? [];
+      if (times.length === 0 || values.length === 0) continue;
+      maxTime = Math.max(maxTime, ...times);
+
+      // Track node: "" → the object itself (root), else a child by name
+      // (e.g. a mixamo bone). PropertyBinding resolves names in the subtree.
+      const node = t.target === "bone" && t.bone ? t.bone : "";
+
+      if (t.property === "position" || t.property === "scale") {
+        const flat: number[] = [];
+        for (const v of values) flat.push(v.x ?? 0, v.y ?? 0, v.z ?? 0);
+        const track = new THREE.VectorKeyframeTrack(
+          `${node}.${t.property}`,
+          times,
+          flat,
+        );
+        this.applyTrackInterpolation(track, t.interpolation);
+        tracks.push(track);
+      } else if (t.property === "rotationDeg") {
+        const flat: number[] = [];
+        for (const v of values) {
+          e.set(
+            THREE.MathUtils.degToRad(v.x ?? 0),
+            THREE.MathUtils.degToRad(v.y ?? 0),
+            THREE.MathUtils.degToRad(v.z ?? 0),
+          );
+          q.setFromEuler(e);
+          flat.push(q.x, q.y, q.z, q.w);
+        }
+        // Quaternion tracks interpolate spherically by default.
+        tracks.push(
+          new THREE.QuaternionKeyframeTrack(`${node}.quaternion`, times, flat),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Pose-keyframes: a timeline of whole-body poses → one
+    // QuaternionKeyframeTrack per bone (+ a root position track). Each
+    // bone only gets keys at the poses that set it, so limbs interpolate
+    // on their own cadence. This is the character-friendly authoring path.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    const poses = spec.poses as any[] | undefined;
+    if (poses && poses.length > 0) {
+      const sorted = [...poses].sort(
+        (a, b) => (a.timeSec ?? 0) - (b.timeSec ?? 0),
+      );
+      const boneTimes: Record<string, number[]> = {};
+      const boneQuats: Record<string, number[]> = {};
+      const rootTimes: number[] = [];
+      const rootVals: number[] = [];
+
+      for (const pk of sorted) {
+        const t = pk.timeSec ?? 0;
+        maxTime = Math.max(maxTime, t);
+        if (pk.rootPosition) {
+          rootTimes.push(t);
+          rootVals.push(
+            pk.rootPosition.x ?? 0,
+            pk.rootPosition.y ?? 0,
+            pk.rootPosition.z ?? 0,
+          );
+        }
+        const bones = pk.bones ?? {};
+        for (const boneName of Object.keys(bones)) {
+          const rot = bones[boneName]?.rotationDeg ?? bones[boneName];
+          if (!rot) continue;
+          e.set(
+            THREE.MathUtils.degToRad(rot.x ?? 0),
+            THREE.MathUtils.degToRad(rot.y ?? 0),
+            THREE.MathUtils.degToRad(rot.z ?? 0),
+          );
+          q.setFromEuler(e);
+          if (!boneTimes[boneName]) {
+            boneTimes[boneName] = [];
+            boneQuats[boneName] = [];
+          }
+          boneTimes[boneName].push(t);
+          boneQuats[boneName].push(q.x, q.y, q.z, q.w);
+        }
+      }
+
+      for (const boneName of Object.keys(boneTimes)) {
+        tracks.push(
+          new THREE.QuaternionKeyframeTrack(
+            `${boneName}.quaternion`,
+            boneTimes[boneName],
+            boneQuats[boneName],
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+      if (rootTimes.length > 0) {
+        tracks.push(new THREE.VectorKeyframeTrack(`.position`, rootTimes, rootVals));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (tracks.length === 0) return null;
+    const duration = spec.durationSec ?? (maxTime > 0 ? maxTime : -1);
+    return new THREE.AnimationClip(spec.name ?? "clip", duration, tracks);
+  }
+
+  private applyTrackInterpolation(
+    track: THREE.KeyframeTrack,
+    interpolation: string | undefined,
+  ): void {
+    if (interpolation === "smooth") track.setInterpolation(THREE.InterpolateSmooth);
+    else if (interpolation === "discrete")
+      track.setInterpolation(THREE.InterpolateDiscrete);
+    // default: linear (THREE.InterpolateLinear)
+  }
+
   get_objects_name(uuid: string): string {
     const object = this.get_object_by_uuid(uuid);
     if (object) {
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_3d_object.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_3d_object.ts
index d396925c3f..7240d70406 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_3d_object.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_3d_object.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ export interface ObjectJSON {
   instancing?: any;
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
   shaderMaterial?: any;
+  // Keyframe animation spec (experimental scene descriptor).
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  animation?: any;
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
   user_data: Record<string, any>;
 }
@@ -75,6 +78,8 @@ export class StoryTellerProxy3DObject {
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
   shaderMaterial?: any;
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  animation?: any;
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
   userData: Record<string, any>;
 
   constructor(version: number, media_file_token: string) {
@@ -166,6 +171,9 @@ export class StoryTellerProxy3DObject {
     if (this.shaderMaterial) {
       json.shaderMaterial = this.shaderMaterial;
     }
+    if (this.animation) {
+      json.animation = this.animation;
+    }
     return json;
   }
 }
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_scene.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_scene.ts
index dd2ad86f51..21de663f9e 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_scene.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/proxy/storyteller_proxy_scene.ts
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ export class StoryTellerProxyScene {
     if (child.userData["shaderMaterialSpec"]) {
       proxyObject3D.shaderMaterial = child.userData["shaderMaterialSpec"];
     }
+    if (child.userData["animationSpec"]) {
+      proxyObject3D.animation = child.userData["animationSpec"];
+    }
 
     const json_data = proxyObject3D.toJSON();
     return json_data;
@@ -150,6 +153,10 @@ export class StoryTellerProxyScene {
     while (this.scene.scene.children.length > 0) {
       this.scene.scene.remove(this.scene.scene.children[0]);
     }
+    // Drop any animation mixers + per-frame shader registrations from the
+    // previous scene before rebuilding (they're re-added as objects load).
+    this.scene.clearAnimations();
+    this.scene.shader_objects.length = 0;
 
     // Warm Scene's URL cache up front so per-asset loadObject() calls
     // never hit the network for token→URL resolution. One batch call
@@ -334,6 +341,10 @@ export class StoryTellerProxyScene {
       if (json_object.shaderMaterial) {
         this.scene.applyShaderMaterial(obj.uuid, json_object.shaderMaterial);
       }
+      // Re-attach keyframe animation (drives transform/bones each frame).
+      if (json_object.animation) {
+        this.scene.attachAnimation(obj.uuid, json_object.animation);
+      }
     }
 
     this.scene._createGrid();
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/AUTHORING_GUIDE.md b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/AUTHORING_GUIDE.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12f7337158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/AUTHORING_GUIDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# Scene Descriptor — LLM Authoring Guide
+
+Paste this whole document to an LLM as context, then give it the current scene
+descriptor (JSON) plus an instruction ("add a forest", "make the grass sway",
+"raise the left arm"). The model returns **only** the updated descriptor JSON.
+
+You are editing a 3D scene as a single JSON document.
+- Coordinates: **meters**, **Y-up**, right-handed.
+- Rotations: **degrees** (Euler XYZ).
+- **Gray-box** world: flat colors only, no textures.
+- The scene is rebuilt from what you return: keep what should stay, change what
+  should change, drop what should go.
+
+---
+
+## Quick reference
+
+```
+descriptor          { descriptorVersion:2, units, coordinateSystem, environment{skybox?}, camera?(read-only), entities[] }
+entity              { id, name, kind, color?, visible?, transform, + kind fields, + material?, + animation? }
+transform           { position:{x,y,z}, rotationDeg:{x,y,z}, scale:{x,y,z} }
+
+kind "primitive"    + shape: "Box"|"Sphere"|"Cone"|"Cylinder"|"Donut"|"Water"|"PointLight"
+kind "mesh"         + geometry:{ positions:[x,y,z,...] }          // non-indexed triangle soup, local space
+kind "instances"    + instancing:{ base, scatter? | instances?, wind? }
+kind "character"    + pose:{ rootBone, rootPosition?, bones:{ [name]:{rotationDeg} } }   // EDIT ONLY
+kind "model"|"image"|"light"|"point"                                                     // EDIT ONLY
+
+instancing.base     { shape } | { positions:[...] } | { plane:{width,height} }
+instancing.scatter  { count, area:{x,z}, seed?, yJitterDeg?, scaleRange?[min,max], tiltDeg?, colorJitter? }
+instancing.instances[ { position, rotationDeg, scale, color? } ]                          // explicit (instead of scatter)
+instancing.wind     { strength?, speed?, turbulence? }                                    // GPU sway for ALL instances
+
+material (shader)   { type:"shader", fragmentShader, vertexShader?, uniforms?, animated?, transparent?, doubleSide? }
+animation           { poses?:[ {timeSec, rootPosition?, bones:{[name]:{rotationDeg}}} ], tracks?:[...], loop?, timeScale?, autoplay?, durationSec?, clip? }
+  poses[]           ← USE THIS for characters (dance/walk): a timeline of whole-body poses, same `bones` shape as `pose`
+```
+
+## Apply semantics (how your JSON becomes the scene)
+
+- **Edit** an existing object: keep its `id` **and its `source` field verbatim**
+  (lossless passthrough — never modify it). Change `transform`/`color`/`visible`/
+  `pose`/`material`/`animation`.
+- **Create**: use `primitive`, `mesh`, or `instances`; omit `id` and `source`.
+- **Delete**: omit the entity from `entities` (reconciled by id; missing ⇒ removed).
+- New `character`/`model` are **skipped** — you can't summon a rigged/asset object
+  from text. Edit existing ones only.
+- Applying is **one undoable step**; the whole change reverts together.
+
+---
+
+## primitive
+
+```jsonc
+{ "kind": "primitive", "shape": "Box", "color": "#6b6b6b", "transform": {...} }
+```
+`shape` ∈ `Box`, `Sphere`, `Cone`, `Cylinder`, `Donut`, `Water`, `PointLight`.
+Each is ≈1m (radius 0.5); use `scale` to resize.
+
+## mesh (raw vertex data)
+
+```jsonc
+{ "kind": "mesh", "color": "#aa8844", "transform": {...},
+  "geometry": { "positions": [x,y,z, x,y,z, ...] } }
+```
+`positions` is a **non-indexed triangle soup** in local space: every **9 numbers**
+(3 vertices) = one triangle. Normals auto-computed. Keep counts modest.
+
+## instances (forests, grass — one draw call)
+
+One `instances` entity becomes **one draw call** for the whole field, however many
+copies. Always use this for many copies — never emit hundreds of entities.
+
+```jsonc
+{ "kind": "instances", "color": "#2f7d32", "transform": { /* field origin */ },
+  "instancing": {
+    "base": { "shape": "Cone" },          // OR { "positions":[...blade verts...] } OR { "plane":{ "width":1,"height":1 } }
+    "scatter": {                          // procedural placement (preferred) — OR explicit "instances":[...]
+      "count": 350,
+      "area": { "x": 60, "z": 60 },       // spread centered on the field origin
+      "seed": 11,                         // deterministic — same seed = same layout
+      "yJitterDeg": 360,                  // random yaw
+      "scaleRange": [1.2, 3.4],           // random uniform scale
+      "tiltDeg": 8,                       // random lean — organic
+      "colorJitter": 0.18                 // 0..1 per-instance shade off `color`
+    }
+  } }
+```
+For **no two alike**, set `tiltDeg`, `colorJitter`, a wide `scaleRange`, and
+`yJitterDeg:360`. Grass = a few-vertex blade in `base.positions` with a high
+`count`; trees = `base.shape:"Cone"` with a smaller `count`.
+
+**Wind — animate the WHOLE field on the GPU.** Add `instancing.wind` to make every
+instance sway: a vertex shader on a shared `time` uniform with a per-instance phase
+— one draw call, no per-frame CPU, scales to tens of thousands. Height-weighted,
+so each instance pivots at its base.
+```jsonc
+"wind": { "strength": 0.25, "speed": 1.5, "turbulence": 0.4 }
+```
+> ⚠️ To animate instances, use `instancing.wind` — **do NOT** put a per-object
+> `animation` on an instanced field. A per-object `animation` moves the entire
+> field as one rigid block, not the individual blades.
+
+## material (custom shader — any kind)
+
+Give an entity's mesh(es) a custom GLSL material. Works on any kind, including
+`instances` (the engine supplies instancing-aware vertex placement automatically).
+
+```jsonc
+"material": {
+  "type": "shader",
+  "animated": true,                 // ticks the injected `time` uniform
+  "doubleSide": true,
+  "uniforms": { "tint": [0.2, 0.8, 0.4] },   // number→float, [a,b]→vec2, [a,b,c]→vec3, [a,b,c,d]→vec4
+  "fragmentShader": "void main(){ float g = 0.5 + 0.5*sin(time*2.0 + vUv.x*12.0); gl_FragColor = vec4(vUv.x, g, 1.0 - vUv.y, 1.0); }"
+}
+```
+**Shader contract — already declared for you, just use them:**
+- Uniforms: `float time`, `vec2 resolution`, plus anything in your `uniforms`.
+- Varyings: `vec2 vUv`, `vec3 vNormal` (view space), `vec3 vPosition` (local).
+- Write only `fragmentShader` (a full `void main(){ ... gl_FragColor = ...; }`).
+  A `vertexShader` is optional and rarely needed.
+
+## animation (keyframes — per object or bones)
+
+Make an entity move over time (Three.js AnimationMixer). Times are **seconds**;
+each track's `values` are one per keyframe, matching `times`.
+
+```jsonc
+"animation": {
+  "loop": "repeat",          // "repeat" | "once" | "pingpong"   (default repeat)
+  "timeScale": 1,            // playback speed                    (default 1)
+  "autoplay": true,          //                                   (default true)
+  "durationSec": 2,          // optional; inferred from times if omitted
+  "tracks": [
+    { "property": "position",   "times": [0,1,2], "values": [ {"x":0,"y":1,"z":0}, {"x":0,"y":3,"z":0}, {"x":0,"y":1,"z":0} ] },
+    { "property": "rotationDeg", "times": [0,2],   "values": [ {"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}, {"x":0,"y":360,"z":0} ] }
+    // property ∈ "position" | "rotationDeg" (degrees) | "scale"
+    // optional "interpolation": "linear" (default) | "smooth" | "discrete"
+  ]
+}
+```
+- A track overrides that channel of `transform` while playing; omitted channels stay static.
+- Play a **baked clip** the asset ships with: `"animation": { "clip": "Walk", "loop": "repeat" }` (falls back to `tracks`/`poses` if absent).
+- For many copies, this is per-OBJECT — for swaying grass use `instancing.wind` instead.
+
+### Character motion — pose-keyframes (USE THIS for characters)
+
+Don't hand-author per-bone tracks for a character. Author a **timeline of
+whole-body poses** — the same sparse `bones: { name: { rotationDeg } }` shape as
+the static `pose`, plus a `timeSec`. The engine interpolates between them. Block a
+few key poses; a bone you omit at a keyframe just interpolates between the
+keyframes that *do* set it, so each limb can move on its own cadence.
+
+```jsonc
+"animation": {
+  "loop": "repeat",
+  "poses": [
+    { "timeSec": 0.0, "bones": { "mixamorigLeftArm": {"rotationDeg":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":-70}}, "mixamorigRightArm": {"rotationDeg":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":70}} } },
+    { "timeSec": 0.5, "bones": { "mixamorigLeftArm": {"rotationDeg":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":-30}}, "mixamorigRightArm": {"rotationDeg":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":30}} } },
+    { "timeSec": 1.0, "bones": { "mixamorigLeftArm": {"rotationDeg":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":-70}}, "mixamorigRightArm": {"rotationDeg":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":70}} } }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+- **Dance / wave / idle:** a short loop of 2–4 key poses with `loop:"repeat"`.
+- **Walk / run in place:** alternate two contact poses (legs + counter-swinging arms), `loop:"repeat"`.
+- **Walk along a path (road / through the forest):** add `rootPosition` to keyframes
+  to move the hips, AND repeat the leg/arm contact poses along the journey, in ONE
+  clip. Use `loop:"once"` for a one-way trip (e.g. waypoints weaving between trees),
+  or `"repeat"` to loop the route. Example skeleton:
+  ```jsonc
+  "animation": { "loop": "once", "durationSec": 8, "poses": [
+    { "timeSec": 0, "rootPosition": {"x":-20,"y":0,"z":0}, "bones": { /* contact pose A */ } },
+    { "timeSec": 0.5, "bones": { /* contact pose B */ } },
+    { "timeSec": 1.0, "rootPosition": {"x":-17,"y":0,"z":3}, "bones": { /* pose A */ } },
+    /* …repeat the A/B leg cycle every ~0.5s while stepping rootPosition along the path… */
+    { "timeSec": 8, "rootPosition": {"x":20,"y":0,"z":-5}, "bones": { /* pose A */ } }
+  ] }
+  ```
+  (Add `mixamorigHips` rotation in the poses to make the character face its travel direction.)
+
+## character pose (mixamo) — edit only
+
+```jsonc
+{ "kind": "character", "id": "keep-this", "source": {/* keep verbatim */}, "transform": {...},
+  "pose": {
+    "rootBone": "mixamorigHips",
+    "rootPosition": { "x": 0, "y": 1.0, "z": 0 },   // optional hip translation
+    "bones": {
+      "mixamorigLeftArm":  { "rotationDeg": { "x": 0, "y": 0, "z": -60 } },
+      "mixamorigRightArm": { "rotationDeg": { "x": 0, "y": 0, "z":  60 } },
+      "mixamorigSpine":    { "rotationDeg": { "x": 8, "y": 0, "z":   0 } }
+    }
+  } }
+```
+`bones` is sparse — list only what you change (local rotation, degrees). Omitted
+bones keep their current pose. The **same `bones` shape is used for static `pose`
+and for `animation.poses`** — pose it once, or key it over time.
+
+**The character must already be in the scene.** You'll see it as `kind:"character"`
+with its current rotations in `pose.bones` — that exported pose (≈ a T-pose at rest)
+is your **starting point**; adjust from there.
+
+**Mixamo posable bones (and what moves them from the T-pose rest):**
+- **Spine/head:** `mixamorigSpine`, `mixamorigSpine1`, `mixamorigSpine2` (bend/twist torso), `mixamorigNeck`, `mixamorigHead`.
+- **Arms** (rest = arms out along ±X): `mixamorigLeftShoulder`, `mixamorigLeftArm` (**z** raises/lowers the arm), `mixamorigLeftForeArm` (bends the elbow), `mixamorigLeftHand`; mirror with `Right`.
+- **Legs:** `mixamorigLeftUpLeg` (**x** swings the thigh fwd/back), `mixamorigLeftLeg` (**x** bends the knee), `mixamorigLeftFoot`; mirror with `Right`.
+- **Root:** `mixamorigHips` (whole-body lean/turn) + `rootPosition` for translation.
+
+Axis signs differ per rig, and **left/right are mirrored** (flip the sign on the
+swinging axis). Start from the exported current rotation, nudge, and verify.
+
+---
+
+## Full example (forest + windy grass + animated shader)
+
+```json
+{
+  "descriptorVersion": 2, "units": "meters", "coordinateSystem": "y-up-right-handed", "environment": {},
+  "entities": [
+    { "id": "ground", "name": "Ground", "kind": "primitive", "shape": "Box", "color": "#5b6b4a",
+      "transform": { "position": {"x":0,"y":-0.5,"z":0}, "rotationDeg": {"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}, "scale": {"x":80,"y":0.2,"z":80} } },
+
+    { "id": "forest", "name": "Forest", "kind": "instances", "color": "#2f7d32",
+      "transform": { "position": {"x":0,"y":1,"z":0}, "rotationDeg": {"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}, "scale": {"x":1,"y":1,"z":1} },
+      "instancing": { "base": { "shape": "Cone" },
+        "scatter": { "count": 350, "area": {"x":60,"z":60}, "seed": 11, "yJitterDeg": 360, "scaleRange": [1.2,3.4], "tiltDeg": 8, "colorJitter": 0.18 } } },
+
+    { "id": "grass", "name": "Grass", "kind": "instances", "color": "#5a8f3a",
+      "transform": { "position": {"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}, "rotationDeg": {"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}, "scale": {"x":1,"y":1,"z":1} },
+      "instancing": { "base": { "positions": [-0.05,0,0, 0.05,0,0, 0.05,0.5,0, -0.05,0,0, 0.05,0.5,0, -0.05,0.5,0] },
+        "scatter": { "count": 4000, "area": {"x":50,"z":50}, "seed": 3, "scaleRange": [0.6,1.6] },
+        "wind": { "strength": 0.25, "speed": 1.6, "turbulence": 0.4 } } },
+
+    { "id": "orb", "name": "Shader Orb", "kind": "primitive", "shape": "Sphere", "color": "#ffffff",
+      "transform": { "position": {"x":0,"y":4,"z":0}, "rotationDeg": {"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}, "scale": {"x":2,"y":2,"z":2} },
+      "material": { "type": "shader", "animated": true, "doubleSide": true,
+        "fragmentShader": "void main(){ float p=0.5+0.5*sin(time*3.0); float f=pow(1.0-abs(vNormal.z),2.0); gl_FragColor=vec4(f+p*0.3, f, 1.0, 1.0); }" },
+      "animation": { "loop": "repeat", "tracks": [ { "property": "position", "times": [0,2,4], "values": [ {"x":0,"y":4,"z":0}, {"x":0,"y":5,"z":0}, {"x":0,"y":4,"z":0} ] } ] } }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+## Checklist before returning
+
+- Output is **valid JSON only** — the whole descriptor, no prose, no trailing commas.
+- Kept `id` and `source` for every existing object you intend to preserve.
+- Rotations in **degrees**; positions in **meters**, Y-up; colors flat hex.
+- Used `instances` + `scatter` for many copies; `instancing.wind` (not `animation`) to animate a field.
+- New objects are only `primitive` / `mesh` / `instances` (no new `character`/`model`).
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/apply_descriptor.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/apply_descriptor.ts
index 358f049a72..25dd5b59c1 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/apply_descriptor.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/apply_descriptor.ts
@@ -176,6 +176,11 @@ function updateObjectInPlace(
   if (entity.material?.fragmentShader) {
     scene.applyShaderMaterial(obj.uuid, entity.material);
   }
+
+  // Keyframe animation — drives transform/bones each frame.
+  if (entity.animation) {
+    scene.attachAnimation(obj.uuid, entity.animation);
+  }
 }
 
 // Instantiate a primitive locally (no network) and stamp the userData the
@@ -242,7 +247,10 @@ async function createInstances(
   scene: Scene,
   entity: DescriptorEntity,
 ): Promise<THREE.Object3D | undefined> {
-  const resolved = resolveInstancing(entity.instancing);
+  const resolved = resolveInstancing(
+    entity.instancing,
+    entity.color || GRAY_BOX_COLOR,
+  );
   if (!resolved?.base) return undefined;
 
   const created = await scene.instantiateInstancedMesh(
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/export_descriptor.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/export_descriptor.ts
index 9785fa0c79..a976ad38b0 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/export_descriptor.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/export_descriptor.ts
@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ function objectJsonToEntity(
   if (obj.shaderMaterial) {
     entity.material = obj.shaderMaterial;
   }
+  if (obj.animation) {
+    entity.animation = obj.animation;
+  }
 
   return entity;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/index.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/index.ts
index fdd2d42896..a7f3a43ec8 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/index.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/index.ts
@@ -17,8 +17,12 @@ export type {
   DescriptorInstancing,
   InstancingBase,
   InstancingScatter,
+  InstancingWind,
   InstanceTransform,
   ShaderMaterialSpec,
+  AnimationSpec,
+  AnimationTrack,
+  PoseKeyframe,
   BonePose,
   Vec3,
 } from "./scene_descriptor";
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/instancing_codec.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/instancing_codec.ts
index 04db219d66..784080d99d 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/instancing_codec.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/instancing_codec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // expand it deterministically here so apply just consumes a flat instance
 // list. Same seed → same layout (reproducible across export/apply/undo).
 
+import * as THREE from "three";
 import {
   DescriptorInstancing,
   InstanceTransform,
@@ -10,38 +11,69 @@ import {
 } from "./scene_descriptor";
 
 // Return a spec with concrete `instances`. Explicit instances win; a
-// scatter spec is expanded; otherwise the spec is returned as-is.
+// scatter spec is expanded; otherwise the spec is returned as-is. The base
+// color (the entity's color) seeds per-instance color jitter.
 export function resolveInstancing(
   spec: DescriptorInstancing | undefined,
+  baseColor?: string,
 ): DescriptorInstancing | undefined {
   if (!spec) return spec;
   if (spec.instances && spec.instances.length > 0) return spec;
   if (spec.scatter) {
-    return { base: spec.base, instances: scatterInstances(spec.scatter) };
+    return {
+      base: spec.base,
+      instances: scatterInstances(spec.scatter, baseColor),
+      wind: spec.wind,
+    };
   }
   return spec;
 }
 
-function scatterInstances(s: InstancingScatter): InstanceTransform[] {
+function scatterInstances(
+  s: InstancingScatter,
+  baseColor?: string,
+): InstanceTransform[] {
   const rng = mulberry32(s.seed ?? 1);
   const yaw = s.yJitterDeg ?? 360;
+  const tilt = s.tiltDeg ?? 0;
+  const jitter = s.colorJitter ?? 0;
   const [sMin, sMax] = s.scaleRange ?? [1, 1];
   const count = Math.max(0, Math.floor(s.count));
+
+  // Per-instance color is derived from the base color in HSL so the field
+  // reads as one species with natural shade-to-shade variation.
+  const base = jitter > 0 && baseColor ? new THREE.Color(baseColor) : null;
+  const hsl = { h: 0, s: 0, l: 0 };
+  if (base) base.getHSL(hsl);
+
   const out: InstanceTransform[] = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
     const x = (rng() - 0.5) * s.area.x;
     const z = (rng() - 0.5) * s.area.z;
     const ry = (rng() - 0.5) * yaw;
+    const tx = (rng() - 0.5) * tilt;
+    const tz = (rng() - 0.5) * tilt;
     const sc = sMin + rng() * (sMax - sMin);
-    out.push({
+
+    const inst: InstanceTransform = {
       position: { x: round(x), y: 0, z: round(z) },
-      rotationDeg: { x: 0, y: round(ry), z: 0 },
+      rotationDeg: { x: round(tx), y: round(ry), z: round(tz) },
       scale: { x: round(sc), y: round(sc), z: round(sc) },
-    });
+    };
+    if (base) {
+      const h = (hsl.h + (rng() - 0.5) * jitter * 0.1 + 1) % 1;
+      const l = clamp01(hsl.l + (rng() - 0.5) * jitter);
+      inst.color = "#" + new THREE.Color().setHSL(h, hsl.s, l).getHexString();
+    }
+    out.push(inst);
   }
   return out;
 }
 
+function clamp01(n: number): number {
+  return n < 0 ? 0 : n > 1 ? 1 : n;
+}
+
 // Small, fast, seedable PRNG (mulberry32) — deterministic per seed.
 function mulberry32(seed: number): () => number {
   let a = seed >>> 0;
diff --git a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/scene_descriptor.ts b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/scene_descriptor.ts
index 4475417c9a..aa6c8dd6b5 100644
--- a/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/scene_descriptor.ts
+++ b/frontend/libs/components/pagescene/src/lib/scene_descriptor/scene_descriptor.ts
@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ export interface DescriptorEntity {
   // The LLM-authored "custom mat" path. See ShaderMaterialSpec.
   material?: ShaderMaterialSpec;
 
+  // Keyframe animation that plays on this entity (transform and, for
+  // characters, bones). See AnimationSpec.
+  animation?: AnimationSpec;
+
   // Flat hex color, e.g. "#9a9a9a". Absent ⇒ gray-box default.
   color?: string;
   visible?: boolean;
@@ -135,12 +139,25 @@ export interface InstanceTransform {
 
 // Procedural placement — far cheaper for an LLM to emit than N explicit
 // instances. Deterministic given `seed`. Expanded to instances on apply.
+// The jitter knobs give an organic look (no two instances alike).
 export interface InstancingScatter {
   count: number;
   area: { x: number; z: number }; // spread, centered on the field origin
   seed?: number;
   yJitterDeg?: number; // random yaw range, default 360
   scaleRange?: [number, number]; // uniform scale range, default [1,1]
+  tiltDeg?: number; // random lean on X/Z, default 0 (e.g. 8 for trees)
+  colorJitter?: number; // 0..1 per-instance HSL variance off the base color
+}
+
+// GPU wind animation for an instanced field — a vertex shader driven by a
+// shared `time` uniform + per-instance phase. All instances sway together
+// (phase-shifted), one draw call, no per-frame CPU. Height-weighted, so
+// each instance pivots at its base (grass/foliage).
+export interface InstancingWind {
+  strength?: number; // sway distance at the tip, default 0.15
+  speed?: number; // oscillation speed, default 1.5
+  turbulence?: number; // adds a second frequency for choppier motion, default 0
 }
 
 export interface DescriptorInstancing {
@@ -148,6 +165,8 @@ export interface DescriptorInstancing {
   // Provide explicit instances OR a scatter spec (scatter wins if both).
   instances?: InstanceTransform[];
   scatter?: InstancingScatter;
+  // Optional GPU wind animation applied to every instance.
+  wind?: InstancingWind;
 }
 
 // ── Custom shader material (LLM-authored) ───────────────────────────────
@@ -166,6 +185,49 @@ export interface ShaderMaterialSpec {
   animated?: boolean; // tick the injected `time` uniform each frame
 }
 
+// ── Keyframe animation ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// One animated channel. Times are seconds; values are one per keyframe.
+//  - property "position" / "scale": values are Vec3 (world/local units)
+//  - property "rotationDeg":        values are Vec3 Euler degrees
+// target "object" (default) animates the entity itself; target "bone"
+// animates a named mixamo bone (characters only).
+export interface AnimationTrack {
+  target?: "object" | "bone";
+  bone?: string;
+  property: "position" | "rotationDeg" | "scale";
+  times: number[];
+  values: Vec3[];
+  interpolation?: "linear" | "smooth" | "discrete";
+}
+
+// A whole-body keyframe: the character's pose at one moment. Same sparse
+// shape as a static `pose` (only the bones you set), plus a time. This is
+// the easy way to author character motion — block a few key poses and the
+// engine interpolates between them. Bones omitted at a given keyframe just
+// don't get a key there (they interpolate between the keys that do set
+// them), so each limb can move on its own cadence.
+export interface PoseKeyframe {
+  timeSec: number;
+  rootPosition?: Vec3; // hip translation at this keyframe (for locomotion)
+  bones: Record<string, BonePose>;
+}
+
+// A keyframe animation on one entity, driven by a THREE.AnimationMixer.
+// Author it ONE of these ways:
+//  - poses:  a timeline of whole-body poses (best for characters: dance, walk)
+//  - tracks: per-channel curves (object transform or individual bones)
+//  - clip:   play a baked GLTF clip by name (e.g. a mixamo "Walk")
+export interface AnimationSpec {
+  clip?: string;
+  durationSec?: number; // inferred from key times if omitted
+  loop?: "repeat" | "once" | "pingpong"; // default repeat
+  timeScale?: number; // default 1
+  autoplay?: boolean; // default true
+  poses?: PoseKeyframe[];
+  tracks?: AnimationTrack[];
+}
+
 // One bone's editable local transform. Rotation only for now — that's
 // what FK posing manipulates; bone translation/scale are rarely posed.
 export interface BonePose {